Former president Donald Trump, the leading Republican presidential contender this year, on Thursday is expected to travel to Eagle Pass, Tex., the city that has turned into a showcase for Gov. Greg Abbott’s state-led border crackdown, Operation Lone Star. Abbott has deployed thousands of National Guard troops, spools of concertina wire that stretch for miles and spiked floating barriers in the middle of the Rio Grande — a show of force meant to deter illegal crossings through the Eagle Pass area.
In January, Abbott, also a Republican, seized control of the city’s riverfront recreation area, Shelby Park, and kicked out the U.S. Border Patrol, which had used the space as an outdoor processing area. He announced plans this month to build an 80-acre military base near the riverbanks that will house up to 2,300 National Guard troops assigned to border duties.
Shipping containers topped with
concertina wire ring the perimeter of
Shelby Park in Eagle Pass
seized by Texas
National Guard
Jan. 12
Feb. 4 image via Reuters/Go Nakamura
Shipping containers topped with concertina wire
ring the perimeter of Shelby Park in Eagle Pass
seized by Texas
National Guard
Jan. 12
Feb. 4 image via Reuters/Go Nakamura
Shipping containers topped with concertina wire ring the perimeter of
Shelby Park in Eagle Pass
seized by Texas
National Guard
Jan. 12
Feb. 4 image via Reuters/Go Nakamura
Shipping containers topped with concertina wire ring the perimeter of Shelby Park in Eagle Pass
seized by Texas
National Guard
Jan. 12
Feb. 4 image via Reuters/Go Nakamura
The city of Eagle Pass (population: 28,500) — a once-sleepy border town surrounded by melon fields and pecan orchards — became the front line of Texas’s battle with the federal government over President Biden’s immigration policies. Illegal entries through the area have fluctuated during the past several years, but the volume of people crossing into Eagle Pass in recent months reached historic levels.
A detailed map of border protections
along a 3-mile stretch of the Rio
Grande in Eagle Pass, Tex.
Border barrier
installed with
federal funds
in 2011
Seized by
Texas
National
Guard on
Jan. 12
EAGLE
PASS
INT’L
BRIDGE I
Shipping
containers
topped with
concertina
wire line
CAMINO
REAL
INT’L
BRIDGE
Customs and
Border Protection
Port of Entry
Customs and
Border Protection
Port of Entry
Island
cleared
of dense
brush and
brambles
by Texas
National
Guard
Retention
pond has
been used
for migrant
processing
Fence
erected
by Texas
along
Route 480
Floating buoy
barrier installed
by Texas in
July 2023
Satellite image provided by
©2024 Maxar Technologies
A detailed map of border protections
along a 3-mile stretch of the Rio
Grande in Eagle Pass, Tex.
Border barrier installed with
federal funds in 2011
Seized by
Texas National
Guard on
Jan. 12
EAGLE PASS
INT’L BRIDGE I
Shipping
containers
topped with
concertina
wire line
CAMINO REAL
INT’L BRIDGE
Customs and
Border Protection
Port of Entry
Customs and
Border Protection
Port of Entry
Fence
erected by
Texas along
Route 480
Retention
pond has
been used
for migrant
processing
Island
cleared
of dense
brush and
brambles by
Texas National
Guard
Floating buoy
barrier installed by
Texas in early July 2023
Satellite image provided by
©2024 Maxar Technologies
A detailed map of border protections
along a 3-mile stretch of the Rio Grande
in Eagle Pass, Tex.
Border barrier installed
with federal funds in 2011
National Guardsman
patrol the river near
the Camino Real
International Bridge
Concertina wire installed
by Texas National Guard
Seized by
Texas National
Guard on Jan. 12
EAGLE
PASS
INT’L
BRIDGE I
Shipping
containers
topped with
concertina
wire line
Customs and
Border Protection
Port of Entry
Customs and
Border Protection
Port of Entry
CAMINO REAL
INT’L BRIDGE
Fence
erected by
Texas along
Route 480
Retention
pond
has been
used for
migrant
processing
Island
cleared
of dense
brush and
brambles by
Texas
National
Guard
A migrant walks along a floating buoy barrier as he looks to cross the Rio Grande from Mexico in August 2023
Floating buoy
barrier installed by
Texas in early July 2023
Satellite image provided by ©2024 Maxar Technologies
A detailed map of border protections
along a 3-mile stretch of the Rio Grande
in Eagle Pass, Tex.
Border barrier installed
with federal funds in 2011
National Guardsman
patrol the river near the
Camino Real International Bridge
Concertina wire installed
by Texas National Guard
Seized by
Texas National
Guard on Jan. 12
EAGLE PASS INT’L
BRIDGE I
Two-lane bridge with
pedestrian walkways
Shipping
containers
topped with
concertina
wire line
Customs and
Border Protection
Port of Entry
Customs and
Border Protection
Port of Entry
CAMINO REAL
INT’L BRIDGE
Four-lane bridge with
pedestrian walkways
Fence erected by
Texas along Route 480
Retention pond
has been used
for migrant
processing
Island cleared
of dense brush
and brambles by
Texas National
Guard
Concertina wire installed
by Texas National Guard
A migrant walks along a floating buoy barrier as he looks to cross the Rio Grande from Mexico in August 2023
Floating buoy barrier
installed by Texas
in early July 2023
Satellite image provided by ©2024 Maxar Technologies
Texas border city on edge as Gov. Abbott dials up battle with Biden
The town is the site of one of the busiest railroad crossings from Mexico, the United States’ largest trading partner. Migrants with little money traveling north through Mexico often climb abroad freight trains, risking severe injury and death.
High-
apprehension
crossing
point
Note: Only railroad network
for Mexico shown.
City dots are scaled by
population.
High-apprehension
crossing point
Note: Only railroad network
for Mexico shown.
City dots are scaled by
population.
High-
apprehension
crossing
point
Note: Only railroad network
for Mexico shown.
City dots are scaled by
population.
High-
apprehension
crossing
point
Note: Only railroad
network for Mexico shown.
City dots are scaled
by population.
In December, when enforcement by Mexican immigration authorities went slack because of a budget squeeze, tens of thousands of migrants rode the trains north toward Eagle Pass. When one of the trains arrives at the border, huge crowds appear along the riverbanks and leave U.S. agents quickly overwhelmed. That typically leads to higher numbers of migrants released into the United States, rather than detained and potentially sent back out of the country.
Another reason crossings are high in Eagle Pass — part of what U.S. Customs and Border Protection calls the Del Rio sector — is the relative ease of fording the Rio Grande. It is the same stretch of river where thousands of mostly Haitian migrants waded across in September 2021 and formed a sprawling outdoor camp in nearby Del Rio, one of the first border emergencies that dealt a blow to Biden’s management record.
Biden is scheduled to visit the border Thursday in Brownsville, Tex., to urge support for bipartisan efforts to provide additional funding for U.S. immigration authorities as well as U.S. cities struggling to shelter migrants. The effort recently stalled in Congress after Trump urged Republican lawmakers to oppose it. Brownsville has been a major crossing point in recent years but has seen far fewer entries in recent months than Eagle Pass.
Though the Rio Grande in the Eagle Pass area isn’t as deep as it is further downstream, water levels and currents change rapidly, and the area has become notorious for drownings. CBP has recorded at least 200 migrant deaths in the Del Rio sector since 2017, government data shows. Some drowning victims are recovered by Mexican authorities or never found.
In December, U.S. border agents recorded nearly 250,000 illegal crossings, the most ever in a single month. The Del Rio sector — and especially Eagle Pass — was the second-busiest location along the entire Mexico border (after southern Arizona), with 71,048 crossings.
Since then, Mexican authorities have ramped up patrols and checkpoints. In January, illegal crossings through the Del Rio sector dropped to 16,712, the latest CBP data shows. Abbott has claimed credit for the change, but Department of Homeland Security officials say Mexico’s efforts and seasonal factors played a bigger role.
Fewer migrants are crossing into Texas. Gov. Abbott is claiming credit.
The Del Rio sector is only one of the main routes into Texas. CBP’s Rio Grande Valley sector has typically seen greater volumes of crossings, as well as the El Paso sector, which extends into New Mexico.
Since 2021, the migrant influx has overwhelmed local authorities in Maverick County (home to Eagle Pass), straining public services including emergency responders and medical facilities. CBP opened a large tent facility to help manage and add detention and processing capacity.
Current Texas National Guard
operating base (detail shown below)
Maverick Co.
Int’l Airport
The Texas National Guard
announced in July 2023 it had
cleared and installed an 8-mile
barrier of concertina wire
along the border.
U.S. Border Patrol
checkpoint
Planned operating base
for Texas National Guard
Kickapoo Traditional
Tribe of Texas
Thousands of migrants reach
the border via this railroad,
where they jump off and try
to wade across the Rio Grande
to the United States.
Current Texas National Guard
operating base (detail shown below)
Maverick Co.
Int’l Airport
U.S. Border Patrol
checkpoint
Planned operating base
for Texas National Guard
Kickapoo Traditional
Tribe of Texas
The Texas National Guard announced
in July 2023 it had cleared and
installed an 8-mile barrier of
concertina wire along the border.
Thousands of migrants reach
the border via this railroad,
where they jump off and try
to wade across the Rio Grande
to the United States.
The Texas National Guard announced in July 2023
it had cleared and installed an 8-mile barrier of
concertina wire along the border.
Current Texas
National Guard
operating base
U.S. Border
Patrol
checkpoint
Planned Texas
National Guard
operating
base
Kickapoo Traditional
Tribe of Texas
Thousands of
migrants reach
the border via
this railroad.
The Texas National Guard announced in July
2023 it had cleared and installed an 8-
mile concertina wire barrier along the border.
Current Texas
National Guard
operating base
U.S.
Border Patrol
checkpoint
Planned Texas
National Guard
operating
base
Kickapoo Traditional
Tribe of Texas
Thousands of
migrants reach
the border via
this railroad.
The strains on Eagle Pass and Maverick County created an opportunity for the Texas governor to intervene with Operation Lone Star. The city signed onto a state emergency declaration calling the large numbers of border crossers “an invasion,” empowering the state to deploy troops and file criminal trespassing charges against migrants on public land.
Texas set up “Camp Charlie” in 2021, less than a mile from the CBP tent facility, to temporarily house soldiers deployed on border duties. The troop presence overwhelmed local hotels and sent the rental market sky-high.
“It’s absurd to believe that we have to fight the federal government daily,” said Mike Banks, a retired Border Patrol agent appointed by Abbott to be the state’s border czar.
Maverick
County
Int’l
Airport
U.S. Customs and
Border Protection
processing facility
with a capacity of
1,000 opened
July 2022
Camp Charlie
Texas National
Guard camp for
Operation
Lone Star since
October 2021
Image source: Airbus via GoogleEarthPro
Maverick
County
International
Airport
U.S. Customs and
Border Protection
processing facility
with a capacity of 1,000
opened July 2022
Camp Charlie
Texas National Guard
camp for Operation
Lone Star since
October 2021
Image source: Airbus via GoogleEarthPro
Maverick County
International
Airport
Camp Charlie
Texas National Guard
camp for
Operation Lone Star
since October 2021
U.S. Customs and Border
Protection processing facility
with a capacity of 1,000
opened July 2022
Image source: Airbus via GoogleEarthPro
“Either do the job that you’ve been mandated by Congress to do as the federal government or just get out of the way and let us get it done,” Banks said Feb. 16 in Eagle Pass, where Abbott announced plans for the new base. “Because Texas is going to protect Texas.”
Abbott’s new plan will transform 80 acres of riverfront property into a more permanent operating base to house up to 2,300 troops. The establishment of a Texas military base on the Rio Grande harks back to the city’s origins, when Eagle Pass was established as a garrison for the U.S. Army during the Mexican-American War.
Texas builds base near border where the state is quarreling with feds
Texas continues to limit the Border Patrol’s access to Shelby Park, and Abbott has described plans to extend the National Guard deployment along the riverbanks, where some migrants continue to cross on the outskirts of town.
The standoff between Texas and the Biden administration is taking place in federal court. In January, the Supreme Court upheld federal authorities’ right to remove concertina wire that interferes with Border Patrol operations. A district-court ruling directing Texas to move its floating barrier in the Rio Grande is on hold pending appeal.
Both sides are awaiting a district-court ruling on the Justice Department’s effort to block Texas from implementing S.B. 4, a new law set to take effect March 5 that will give state and local police the ability to arrest and jail migrants who cannot prove legal status in the United States.
Sources: Eagle Pass satellite imagery provided by Maxar Technologies. Mapping data via USGS, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and OpenStreetMap.